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		<doi>10.1038/srep43890</doi>
		<issn>2045-2322</issn>
		<citationkey>WeyhenmeyerMSTGABEHKKPRSW:2017:CiScSh</citationkey>
		<title>Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming</title>
		<year>2017</year>
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		<author>Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.,</author>
		<author>Mackay, Murray,</author>
		<author>Stockwell, Jason D.,</author>
		<author>Thiery, Wim,</author>
		<author>Grossart, Hans-Peter,</author>
		<author>Augusto-Silva, Pétala Bianchi,</author>
		<author>Baulch, Helen M.,</author>
		<author>Eyto, Elvira de,</author>
		<author>Hejzlar, Josef,</author>
		<author>Kangur, Külli,</author>
		<author>Kirillin, Georgiy,</author>
		<author>Pierson, Don C.,</author>
		<author>Rusak, James A.,</author>
		<author>Sadro, Steven,</author>
		<author>Woolway, R. Iestyn,</author>
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		<affiliation>Uppsala University</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Environment and Climate Change Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation>University of Vermont</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)</affiliation>
		<affiliation>University of Saskatchewan</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Innovation Boulevard</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Institute of Hydrobiology</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Estonian University of Life Sciences</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Uppsala University</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change</affiliation>
		<affiliation>University of California</affiliation>
		<affiliation>University of Reading</affiliation>
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		<electronicmailaddress>petala.silva@inpe.br</electronicmailaddress>
		<journal>Scientific Reports</journal>
		<volume>7</volume>
		<number>43890</number>
		<secondarymark>B2_BIODIVERSIDADE B3_ODONTOLOGIA B3_LETRAS_/_LINGUÍSTICA C_CIÊNCIAS_BIOLÓGICAS_III C_BIOTECNOLOGIA C_ASTRONOMIA_/_FÍSICA</secondarymark>
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		<abstract>Citizen science projects have a long history in ecological studies. The research usefulness of such projects is dependent on applying simple and standardized methods. Here, we conducted a citizen science project that involved more than 3500 Swedish high school students to examine the temperature difference between surface water and the overlying air (T-w-T-a) as a proxy for sensible heat flux (Q(H)). If Q(H) is directed upward, corresponding to positive T-w-T-a, it can enhance CO2 and CH4 emissions from inland waters, thereby contributing to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The students found mostly negative T-w-T-a across small ponds, lakes, streams/rivers and the sea shore (i.e. downward Q(H)), with T-w-T-a becoming increasingly negative with increasing T-a. Further examination of T-w-T-a using high-frequency temperature data from inland waters across the globe confirmed that T-w-T-a is linearly related to T-a. Using the longest available high-frequency temperature time series from Lake Erken, Sweden, we found a rapid increase in the occasions of negative T-w-T-a with increasing annual mean T-a since 1989. From these results, we can expect that ongoing and projected global warming will result in increasingly negative T-w-T-a, thereby reducing CO2 and CH4 transfer velocities from inland waters into the atmosphere.</abstract>
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		<language>en</language>
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